Regulation (newspapers and music)

• PSB
• Public Service Broadcasting
•  BBC
• No advertising
• License fees
• Reithean values
• EEI
• Educate, Entertain & Inform
• Public Service Broadcasters
• BBC, ITV, C4, C5 (Analogue era - would appear)
• Free-to-air
• UK TV all digital now
• DAB
• Digital Audio Broadcasting
• Radio (there are analogue)
• Spectrum scarcity
• Compression technology
• Took 15 years to go from 4 to 5 channels
• Sky 
• Developed satellite network
• Virgin
• Developed cable TV network
• BBC 
• Not a commercial network
• Has subsidiaries which are commercial
• Allowed to use profits from outside the UK
• BBC America has ads & is subscription
• Globalisation
• Most accessed News outlet in the world
• Channel 5
• '3 Fs' Dawn Airey used to describe C5 content to advertisers
• Films, Fucking and Football
• Tabloidisation of TV/downmarket
• L!ve TV
• Convergence (early example)
• the Mirror
• David Fairclough
• Argues words carry real power
• Hypodermic Syringe Model
• Exposure to single text, immediately take on values from single text
• Echo Chamber
• Increasingly, people avoid exposure of media which challenges their views and opinions
• 2 Step Flow theory
• Authoritative figures giving their influence & audience immediately take on values
• Passive audience theory (also Hypodermic)
• Hegemony (Gramsci)
• Controlling culture - excessive power
• Similar to Fairclough - words having power
• Butler (gender normativity)
• Moral Panic
• Newspapers take single story & turn it into a big social issue
• Guns n' Roses
• One in a Million
• N-word & f*ggot
• Singer decided to self-censor 30 years later
• A Clockwork Orange (1973)
• Own director banned specifically because of 'copycat' behaviour