Regulation (newspapers and music)

• PSB
• Public Service Broadcasting
•  BBC
• No advertising
• License fees
• Reithean values
• EEI
• Educate, Entertain & Inform
• Public Service Broadcasters
• BBC, ITV, C4, C5 (Analogue era - would appear)
• Free-to-air
• UK TV all digital now
• DAB
• Digital Audio Broadcasting
• Radio (there are analogue)
• Spectrum scarcity
• Compression technology
• Took 15 years to go from 4 to 5 channels
• Sky 
• Developed satellite network
• Virgin
• Developed cable TV network
• BBC 
• Not a commercial network
• Has subsidiaries which are commercial
• Allowed to use profits from outside the UK
• BBC America has ads & is subscription
• Globalisation
• Most accessed News outlet in the world
• Channel 5
• '3 Fs' Dawn Airey used to describe C5 content to advertisers
• Films, Fucking and Football
• Tabloidisation of TV/downmarket
• L!ve TV
• Convergence (early example)
• the Mirror
• David Fairclough
• Argues words carry real power
• Hypodermic Syringe Model
• Exposure to single text, immediately take on values from single text
• Echo Chamber
• Increasingly, people avoid exposure of media which challenges their views and opinions
• 2 Step Flow theory
• Authoritative figures giving their influence & audience immediately take on values
• Passive audience theory (also Hypodermic)
• Hegemony (Gramsci)
• Controlling culture - excessive power
• Similar to Fairclough - words having power
• Butler (gender normativity)
• Moral Panic
• Newspapers take single story & turn it into a big social issue
• Guns n' Roses
• One in a Million
• N-word & f*ggot
• Singer decided to self-censor 30 years later
• A Clockwork Orange (1973)
• Own director banned specifically because of 'copycat' behaviour 

Chomsky

• Propaganda model
• Argues that news media doesn't exist to inform us but exists to create an illusion of democracy

5 Filters to remove the ideas/knowledge/arguments that the rich & powerful don't want spread

1. Source & Strategy
1. Who do you give prominence to?
2. Anti-communism
1. Anti-left wing (climate change, unions, taxes etc.)
3. Flak
1. Consistently & routinely attack & undermine the source of hegemonic ideas
2. Newspapers all attacked Jeremy Corbin
4. Advertiser power
1. Main model of monetisation
2. Advertisers can choose who will thrive/fail
3. @NoMorePage3
4. Stop Funding Hate
5. Concentration of ownership
1. Reach & Murdoch own 5 out of 8 newspapers

Regulation

 NEWS(PAPERS)

• Massive online circulation
• American & Australian news not regulated in the UK
• Google news pretty much not regulated at all
• Globalisation, digitisation, disruption, convergence
• America dominates media & news industry (monopoly)
• Current government hates BBC
• Likes of Murdoch hate BBC
• Want it to be privatised
• If not government owned then others would have a bigger audience than they do
• BBC & Guardian are not-for-profit organisations
• Fox News would(n't) be legal in the UK
• News sources are allowed to be biased
• OfCome - TV & Radio news have to be equal/balanced
• Right wing papers take up roughly 86.5% of British newspapers
• Circulation decline
• 1956 Mirror = 4,649,696
• 2019 All combined besides Metro = as above

New media replacing traditional media

 MUSIC

Digital

• Streaming 
• Free
• YouTube
• Paid 
• Spotify (can be free too)
• CD (physical)
• Download
• iTunes
• Ringtones

Analogue

• Cassette
• Vinyl (gramophone)
• Sheet music

Album - less & less common - expensive

EP

Single (7in/12in)

Pop charts Top 40 - lead promotion

• Streaming undermines album
• Top 40 still around 
• Based on streaming & physical sales
• Low visibility
• Spotify charts
• Also do playlists - most played
• Global market

Music Video

• 1981 - first music video
• A Hard Day's Night
• Key archetype of music video
• Combines performance & narrative
• Particularly for American market
• America is too big to do concerts & interviews etc.
• 80s MTV
• Banned in Britain
• Went to reality TV in mid-90s 
• YouTube created in 2005 + UGC platforms (MySpace - Lily Allen)
• Music videos go back up again
• Smartphones
• UGC/fan videos (convergence)

Alternative Videos

• One take videos
• Lyric videos
• Animated videos
• Playthrough/tutorial
• Dance video
• Teaser
• Audio
• Album release 
• Tour video
• Unboxing
• Live Studio
• Compilation
• Spotify visualisers
• Parody

Podcast may kill radio

DAB - Digital Audio Broadcasting

CD killed Vinyl in 80s

Anti-Trust

 Google and Facebook facing anti-trust investigation in the USA.  Court cases etc. Monopoly

India to regulate digital media

 https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/nov/11/india-to-regulate-netflix-and-amazon-streaming-content

Google Maps Virtual Movie Hunt

 Google, in collaboration with the BFI, has launched a virtual movie hunt as the UK is about to enter another lockdown.  This new means of distribution is another example of convergence.  There are 40 free movies to find on Google Maps and can be found in relation to the locations of the films.  This is a massive tie-in with the new Google Pixel 5G phone as well.  These movies include Shaun of the Dead, Skyfall and Wallace and Gromit: Curse of the Were-Rabbit.

Source 

The BBFC rating on Shaun of the Dead is 15.  There is no regulation through this Google Maps hunt so younger teens will be able to watch it and other movies.

Retromania (Simon Reynolds, 2011) argues that what we would once assume to be ephemeral, is in fact still relevant.  This is mainly due to the increase in cheap or free availability to media texts throughout the digital ages.  

"These movies are embedded with sensory memories of when we first watched them and whom we watched them with, which are key triggers of nostalgia" - Dr Wing Yee Cheung, senior lecturer in psychology and researcher on nostalgia at the University of Winchester.